Learning is effective to the extent to which it engages with learner identities. These are deeply diverse, complex and multilayered. Learner differences should be measured and taken into account both in terms of the dimensions of ‘gross demographics’ and the more subtle and variable ‘lifeworld attributes’.

Learning, however, is not simply about recognizing and affirming difference.

Learning is a journey away from the learner’s comfort zone, away from the relative narrowness and limitations of the life world. As much as learning needs to affirm identity and create a sense of belonging, it is also a process of travelling away from the familiar, everyday world of experience. This journey is one of personal and cultural transformation.

These, then, are the two conditions of learning in a context of deep and multifaceted diversity:

• Condition 1: BELONGING - effective learning engages the learner’s identity. It builds on the learner’s knowledge, experiences, interests and motivation. In any learning community, there is a great deal of diversity, and this is because the everyday lifeworlds from which students come are always varied.
• Condition 2: TRANSFORMATION - effective learning takes the learner on a journey into new and unfamiliar terrains. However, for learning to occur the journey into the unfamiliar needs to stay with a zone of intelligibility and safety. At each step, it needs to travel just the right distance from the learner’s lifeworld starting point.

How the Learning by Design Approach Addresses Learner Diversity

The Learning by Design project addresses learner diversity in a number of ways, including:

• The Learner Resource side of the Learning Element is designed for self-paced individual learning, or self-managed group learning. All learners do not have to be on the same page at the same time.
• Entry points: The Learning Element asks the question of prior learning on the assumption that the answer will not be the same for all.
• The Knowledge Processes bring diversity into the learning experience:
  - Experiencing the Known: bringing in students’ diverse experiences.
  - Experiencing the New: always at a carefully measured distance from what students already know (intelligibility).
  - Analysing Critically: measuring human interests is always against your own perspective.
  - Applying Appropriately: taking what you have learnt back to your own world of everyday experience.
  - Applying Creatively: bring the multiple perspectives and experiences of your life together in a creative way.
• The mix of Knowledge Processes allows different emphases and activity types as appropriate to students’ different ‘learning orientations’.
• All the Knowledge Processes also change direction of the knowledge flows and the balance of responsibility for learning toward a more active view of learning-as-engagement—in this context, learner identities and subjectivities become more manifest.
• Learning is conceived as a journey, in a transformational view of diversity. The learner, for instance, may travel from everyday Experiencing the Known, to depth and breadth perspectives (Conceptualising, Analysing), and back to the everyday world by Applying Appropriately or Creatively—by which time neither the world nor the learner are quite the same as they were when the journey began.
• Exit points: The Learning Pathways question at the end of the Learning Element assumes that this may be answered in different ways for different learners.

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